The prospects and feasibility of seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) culture in the cage farming sites of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) in Central Kerala, India

Authors

  • Sunithakumari K Research Scholar, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Post Box No. 1603, Ernakulam North (PO), Kochi, Kerala, India https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7738-9392
  • Dr. Shoji Joseph Principal Scientist, Mariculture Division, ICAR- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Post Box No. 1603, Ernakulam North (PO), Kochi, Kerala, India
  • Smina MS Research Scholar, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Post Box No. 1603, Ernakulam North (PO), Kochi, Kerala, India
  • Dr. Reeta Jayasankar Principal Scientist, Mariculture Division, ICAR- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Post Box No. 1603, Ernakulam North (PO), Kochi, Kerala, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.64171/IJPR.2026.6.1.10-17

Keywords:

Bamboo Raft Culture, Fruit Net Bag Tube, Seaweed, Growth Parameters

Abstract

Seaweeds are primitive, photosynthetic, non-angiospermic macrophytes in tidal zones of oceans. The red algae Kappaphycus alvarezii was cultured in the present study for a period of 60 days (January – March 2021) in three stations: Malippuram (Station I), Chettuva (Station II), and Moothakunnam (Station III). Seedlings of K. alvarezii were collected from Mandapam, Tamil Nadu. Seedlings of K. alvarezii weighing 6.069 ± 0.069 g stocked in fruit net bags and floating bamboo raft; finally harvested 55.415 ± 0.018 g per fruit net bag from station I and 57.913 ± 0.068 g per fruit net from station II. Growth parameters of seaweed and water quality parameters of stations were analysed. The present study revealed good prospects for seaweed farming in Malippuram & Chettuva. Integration of seaweed culture with cage farming resulted in good growth of K. alvarezii in the open sea of Kerala. The objective of the study was to find out the feasibility of seaweed farming along with cage farming in Central Kerala using the fruit net bag tube method and the floating raft method.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abdan ARR. Effect of planting distance on growth and carrageenan content of Eucheuma spinosum using the long-line technique. J Mina Laut Indones. 2013;3:132–133.

Abreu MH, Varela DA, Henríquez L, Villarroel A, Yarish C, Sousa-Pinto I, et al. Traditional vs integrated multi-trophic aquaculture of Gracilaria chilensis: productivity and physiological performance. Aquaculture. 2009;293(3–4):211–220.

Adnan H, Porse H. Culture of Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum in Indonesia. Hydrobiologia. 1987;151-152:355-358.

Ak I, Cirik S. Distribution of Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss (Rhodophyta) in Izmir Bay (Eastern Aegean Sea). Pak J Biol Sci. 2004;7:2022–2023.

Alifatri L. Growth rate and agar content of Gracilaria verrucosa with seaweed seedling weight on planting distance in an earthen pond, Karawang, West Java [thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor, 2012.

APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st ed. Washington (DC): American Public Health Association, 2005.

Aquaculture Foundation of India. Seaweed farming to rehabilitate tsunami affected coastal communities in Tamil Nadu. Final report of the DBT project. New Delhi: Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, 2008, p41.

Ask EI, Batibasaga A, Zertuche-Gonzalez JA. Three decades of Kappaphycus alvarezii introduction to non-endemic locations. In: Chapman ARO, Anderson RJ, Vreeland VJ, Davison IR, editors. Proceedings of the 17th International Seaweed Symposium. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, p49-57.

Athithan S. Growth performance of Kappaphycus alvarezii under lined earthen pond conditions at Thoothukudi coast, India. Res J Anim Vet Fish Sci. 2014;2(1):6–10.

Bergqvist J, Gunnarsson S. Finfish aquaculture: animal welfare, the environment, and ethical implications. J Agric Environ Ethics. 2013;26(1):75–99.

Bhatt NA, Sharma BK, Vaghela DT, Divu D. Trends in rural livelihood practice of raft culture of Kappaphycus alvarezii in Gujarat, India. Int J Bio-resour Stress Manag. 2018;9(3):441–444.

Bindu MS. Success in the pilot scale cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii in Vizhinjam Bay, India. In: Training manual—National Workshop on Seaweed Farming and Processing for Food. India; 2006. p. 54–60.

Bindu MS, Kumaraswamy AGP. Experimental field cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii at Vizhinjam Bay, Kerala. In: International Conference on Applied Phycology. New Delhi; 2006. p. 58.

Bindu MS. Empowerment of coastal communities through cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii. J Appl Phycol. 2011;23:157–163.

Bindu MS, Levine IA. Commercial red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii: farming and environment. J Appl Phycol. 2011;23:789–796.

Borlongan IAG, Tibubos KR, Yunque DAT, Hurtado AQ, Critchley AT. Impact of AMPEP on Kappaphycus alvarezii. J Appl Phycol. 2011;23:615–621.

Bryceson I. Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania. West Indian Ocean J Mar Sci. 2002;1(1):1–10.

Buschmann AH, Troell M, Kautsky N, Kautsky L. Integrated tank cultivation of salmonids and Gracilaria chilensis. Hydrobiologia. 1996;326–327:75-82.

Buschmann AH, Varela DA, Hernandez-Gonzalez MC, Huovinen P. Integrated seaweed-based aquaculture in Chile. J Appl Phycol. 2008;20:571–577.

Chopin T, Buschmann AH, Halling C, Troell M, Kautsky N, Neori A, et al. Integrating seaweeds into marine aquaculture systems. J Phycol. 2001;37(6):975–986.

Chopin T, Robinson SMC, Troell M, Neori A, Buschmann AH, Fang J. Multitrophic integration for sustainable marine aquaculture. In: Jørgensen SE, Fath BD, editors. Encyclopedia of Ecology. Vol 3. Oxford: Elsevier; 2008. p. 2463–2475.

Cole KM, Sheath RG. Biology of red algae. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1990. p. 385–390.

Cubillo AM, Ferreira JG, Robinson SMC, Pearce CM, Corner RA, Johansen J. Role of deposit feeders in IMTA. Aquaculture. 2016;453:54–66.

Dash B, Kumar SM, Rao GS. Integration of seaweed and pearl oyster with seabass. In: National Training on Cage Culture of Seabass. Kochi: CMFRI; 2009. p. 57–59.

Diana JS, Egna HS, Chopin T, Peterson MS, Cao L, Pomeroy R, et al. Responsible aquaculture in 2050. Bioscience. 2013;63(4):255–262.

Doty MS. Production and use of Eucheuma. FAO Fish Tech Pap. 1987;281:123–161.

Eswaran K, Ghosh PK, Mairh OP. Field cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii at Mandapam. Seaweed Res Util. 2002;24(1):67–72.

Eswaran K, Jha B. Commercial cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii in India. India; 2006. p. 40–46.

FAO. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2020. Rome: FAO; 2020.

Gavino C, Trono GC Jr. Eucheuma and Kappaphycus: taxonomy and cultivation. Bull Mar Sci Fish. 1992;12:51–65.

Glenn EP, Doty MS. Photosynthesis and respiration of tropical red seaweeds. Aquat Bot. 1981;10:353–364.

Glenn EP, Doty MS. Growth of Kappaphycus alvarezii affected by environment. Aquaculture. 1990;84:245–255.

Glenn EP, Doty MS. Water motion effects on growth rates. Aquaculture. 1992;108:233–246.

Góes HG, Reis RP. Growth and carrageenan yield of Kappaphycus alvarezii. J Appl Phycol. 2012;24:173–180.

Gunalan B, Kotiya AS, Jetani KL. Growth comparison of Kappaphycus alvarezii. Eur J Appl Sci. 2010;2:10–12.

Harrison PJ, Hurd CL. Nutrient physiology of seaweeds. Cah Biol Mar. 2001;42:71–82.

Hayashi L, Yokoya NS, Ostini S, Pereira RTL, Braga ES, Oliveira EC. Nutrient removal by Kappaphycus alvarezii. Aquaculture. 2008;277:185–191.

Hughes AD, Black KD. Trade-offs in IMTA development. Aquac Environ Interact. 2016;8:191–199.

Hurtado AQ, Agbayani RF, Sanares R, Castro-Mallare MTR. Seasonality of Kappaphycus alvarezii. Aquaculture. 2001;199:295–310.

Hurtado-Ponce AQ. Cage culture of Kappaphycus alvarezii. J Appl Phycol. 1992;4:311–313.

Ingle KN, Polikovsky M, Fenta MC, Ingle AS, Golberg A. Multitrophic aquaculture with marine energy. Ecol Eng. 2022;176:106525.

Johnson B, Gopakumar G. Farming of Kappaphycus alvarezii in Tamil Nadu. Mar Fish Inf Serv T&E Ser. 2011;208:1–5.

Kaladharan P, Kaliaperumal N. Seaweed industry in India. Naga ICLARM Q. 1999;22(1):11–14.

Kaliaperumal N, Ramalingam JR, Sulochanan B. Growth of Kappaphycus alvarezii. Seaweed Res Util. 2008;30(1–2):57–66.

Kapil SS, Mohammed KK, Divu D, et al. Experimental cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii. Mar Fish Inf Serv T&E Ser. 2017;231.

Kasim M, Mustafa A, Ishak E, et al. Environmental status of Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivation. AACL Bioflux. 2019;12(4):1102–1113.

Kavale MG, Sreenadhan N, Singh VV. Cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii in Maharashtra. Indian J Geo-Mar Sci. 2016;45(5):666–670.

Kerrigan D, Suckling CC. Meta-analysis of IMTA. Rev Aquac. 2018;10(3):560–572.

La Ode MA, Rahmad SP, Ruslaini, et al. Seasonal variation of Kappaphycus alvarezii. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2019;370:012060.

Lombardi JV, Marques HLA, Pereira RTL, Barreto OJS, Paula EJ. Cage polyculture of shrimp and seaweed. Aquaculture. 2006;258:412–415.

Loureiro RR, Reis RP, Critchley AT. In vitro cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii. J Appl Phycol. 2010;22:101–104.

Loureiro RR, Reis RP, Berrogain FD, Critchley AT. AMPEP effects on Kappaphycus alvarezii. J Appl Phycol. 2012;24:427–432.

Luhan MRJ, Sollesta H. Carpospore cultivation of Kappaphycus striatum. J Appl Phycol. 2010;22:579–585.

Luxton DM, Robertson M, Kindley MJ. Farming of Eucheuma in Fiji. Hydrobiologia. 1987;151–152:359–362.

Mairh OP, Zodape ST, Tewari A, Rajyaguru MR. Culture of Kappaphycus striatum. Indian J Mar Sci. 1995;24:24–31.

Makwana NP. Growth comparison of Kappaphycus alvarezii in Gujarat. Adv Appl Sci Res. 2011;2:99–106.

Mandal SK, Mantri VA, Haldar S, Eswaran K, Ganesan M. Invasive potential of Kappaphycus alvarezii. Algae. 2010;25:205–216.

Mantri VA, Eswaran K, Shanmugam M, et al. Commercial farming of Kappaphycus alvarezii in India. J Appl Phycol. 2017;29:335–357.

Msuya FE. Impact of seaweed farming in Zanzibar. In: World Seaweed Resources. 2006. p. 27.

Msuya FE. Stocking density effects on Kappaphycus alvarezii. Tanz J Nat Appl Sci. 2013;4(1):605–612.

Neori A, Krom MD, Ellner SP, Boyd CE, Popper D, Rabinovitch R. Seaweed biofilters. Aquaculture. 1996;141:183–199.

Neori A, Chopin T, Troell M, Buschmann AH, Halling C, Shpigel M, et al. Integrated aquaculture. Aquaculture. 2004;231(1):361–391.

Neveux N, Bolton JJ, Bruhn A, Roberts DA, Ras M. Bioremediation potential of seaweeds. In: Production and Use of Marine Molecules. Wiley-VCH; 2018. p. 217–241.

Nur M, Tamaruddin A, Jabbar FBA, Tambaru R. Growth performance of Kappaphycus alvarezii. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2020;575:012097.

Pereira R, Yarish C, Sousa-Pinto I. Growth and nutrient removal of Porphyra dioica. Aquaculture. 2006;252:66–78.

Periyasamy C, Anantharaman P, Balasubramanian T. Social upliftment through seaweed farming. J Appl Phycol. 2014;26:775–781.

Periyasamy C, Anantharaman P, Rao PVS. Experimental farming of Kappaphycus alvarezii. J Appl Phycol. 2015;27:935–944.

Periyasamy C, Rao PVS, Anantharaman P. Harvest optimization of Kappaphycus alvarezii. J Appl Phycol. 2019;31:587–597.

Pickering TD, Skelton P, Sulu RJ. Alien seaweed introductions. Bot Mar. 2007;50:338–350.

Quiñonez NB. Seaweed farming and improved livelihoods. Philippines; 2000.

Rodrigueza MRC, Montaño MNE. Bioremediation by carrageenophytes. J Appl Phycol. 2007;19:755–762.

Santelices B. Conceptual framework for marine agronomy. Hydrobiologia. 1999;398–399:15–23.

Schmidt EC, Nunes BG, Maraschin M, Bouzon ZL. UV-B effects on Kappaphycus alvarezii. Photosynthetica. 2010;48:161–172.

Senthil A, Mamatha BS, Vishwanath P, Bhat KK, Ravishankar GA. Seaweed-based spice mix. J Food Sci Technol. 2011;48:712–717.

Serdiati N, Widiastuti IM. Growth of Eucheuma cottonii. Media Litbang Sulteng. 2010;3(1):21–26.

Suresh KK, Ganesan K, Subba Rao PV, Thakur MC. Seasonal cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii. J Appl Phycol. 2016;28:1193–1205.

Thirumaran G, Anantharaman P. Growth rate of Kappaphycus alvarezii. World J Fish Mar Sci. 2009;1:144–153.

Troell M, Halling C, Neori A, Chopin T, Buschmann AH, Kautsky N, Yarish C. Integrated mariculture. Aquaculture. 2003;226:69–90.

Troell M, Halling C, Nilsson A, Buschmann AH, Kautsky N, Kautsky L. Integrated cultivation of Gracilaria chilensis. Aquaculture. 1997;156:45–61.

Troell M, Joyce A, Chopin T, Neori A, Buschmann AH, Fang JG. Ecological engineering in aquaculture. Aquaculture. 2009;297:1–9.

Veeragurunathan V, Eswaran K, Malarvizhi J, Gobalakrishnan M. Cultivation of Gracilaria dura. J Appl Phycol. 2015;27:2353–2365.

Wakibia JG, Bolton JJ, Keats DW, Raitt LM. Growth rates of eucheumoids in Kenya. J Appl Phycol. 2006;18:565–573.

Widiastuti I. Gracilaria verrucosa production in earthen ponds. J Agri Sains. 2011;12:57–62.

Xu J, Gao K. Growth and agar yield of Gracilaria lemaneiformis. J Appl Phycol. 2008;20:681–686.

Downloads

Published

2026-01-22

How to Cite

[1]
S. K, S. Joseph, S. M S, and R. Jayasankar, “The prospects and feasibility of seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) culture in the cage farming sites of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) in Central Kerala, India”, Int. J. Phytol. Res., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 10–17, Jan. 2026.

Issue

Section

Articles