Taxonomic identification and documentation of polyherbal antidiabetic herbal formulations used by traditional herbalists in North Rift region, Kenya

Abstract

Traditional herbalists in Kenya's North Rift region extensively use polyherbal formulations to manage diabetes mellitus, yet scientific documentation and taxonomic authentication of the constituent medicinal plant species remain limited. This study aimed to identify and document polyherbal antidiabetic formulations used by traditional herbalists in the North Rift region of Kenya. A cross-sectional ethnobotanical survey involving purposively selected experienced herbalists was conducted using semi-structured interviews, guided field walks, direct observation, and plant specimen collection. Collected specimens were authenticated through standard taxonomic procedures using morphological characters, herbarium reference collections, and international botanical databases, with voucher specimens deposited at the University of Eldoret Herbarium. Five commonly used polyherbal antidiabetic formulations comprising twenty-two medicinal plant species belonging to fourteen plant families were documented from Uasin Gishu, West Pokot, Timboroa, and Marakwet. Frequently recorded species included Conyza schimperi, Conyza hypoleuca, Leonotis nepetifolia, and Croton macrostachyus. Leaves, bark, roots, shoots, and tubers constituted the principal plant parts utilized in the formulations. Botanical authentication confirmed the identity of all documented species, reducing the risk of misidentification and adulteration. The study provides a scientifically validated inventory of indigenous antidiabetic medicinal plants that forms a valuable foundation for future phytochemical, pharmacological, quality assurance, conservation, and drug development research in Kenya.